ioo greek verbs

#classicalgreek #verbs  #verblist #verbclasses #ancientgreek

After this post I'll switch back to art for a few posts before more verbs

Class 1 C – ίω

These verbs follow the same pattern as υω with future and aorist adding sigma.

ἰδίω whose prose equivalent is ἱδρόω has Future ἰσω Aorist ἴδῑσα

κίω *κυλίω (root of κυλίνδω) μαλκίω μηνίω πρῑω χρίω

Epic δίω κηκίω

αίω 

Mixed 

καίω καυσω ἔκαυσα, likewise κλαίω and δαίω or ίσω ίσα

ναίω παίω πταίω, but κναίω changes αι to η and ῥαίω changes to ῥαίσω and ἔῥραίσα

είω

κλείω σείω and Epic κείω τελείω follow the αίω pattern

D – 6 verbs ending in εω whose forms show that they were originally - υω final verbs ?

θέω νέω πλέω πνέω ῥέω χέω

All except χέω have future middles – ευσομαι and ἔCευσα Aorist.

C = Consonant 

# Ecards for Greek Verbs

#classicalgreekgrammar #classicalgreekverb

This is the start of a series of files on Greek Verbs

These 3 files can be downloaded from the Greek Typography folder on my JVartndesign #DeviantArt page. Use them to teach yourself or distribute in print or as a file to beginning students .

RHINOS ARE N-LESS !!!

I've been on a break due to adjusting to a new inhaler with a different dosage level for a chest / sinus problem so some grammar revision

#greek #greekgrammar #classical greek #rhis #rhino #nose #nasals

RHINOS ARE N-LESS !!!

in Greek anyway

Greek has an interesting relationship with nasals especially at the end of words or next to a S.

Instead of fusing with another sound unless its an M or G or creating a nasalized vowel in a medial orfinal position as in some IndoEuropean languages the N disappears before a S.

This feature makes accusatives easy to spot and is responsible for all the many forms of πᾶς: πᾶσα, πᾶσι, πᾶν, πᾶντα and more.

It is also why RHINO- “ ῥῑς “Nose is classified in traditional grammars like Goodwins as having a Liquid stem.

This means the inflection of ῥῑς varies from case to case to avoid placing a nasal next to a S.

So The Noun for Nose with its stem of ῥῑν- has this pattern

Singular

N. ῥῑς A. ῥῖνα G. ῥῑνός D. ῥῑνί

Plural

N. ῥῖνες A. ῥῖνας G. ῥῑνῶν D. ῥῑσί

I will try to schedule extra posts later this week to make up for the hiatus!

REVISION REMINDER LIST FOR GREEK GRAMMAR

#classicalgreek #greekgrammar #revision okay chapter 20 of matthew doesn't seem to have any ambiguities or unusual words open to multiple readings that regard special notes or discussion so I'm skipping most of it and doing a revision / reminder list.

SOME THINGS YOU NEED TO KEEP IN MIND
WHEN LEARNING OR READING GREEK
biblical classical new testament

ASPECT AND TENSE are BOTH Important.
 Yes think about that difference a lot!

Aorist is NOT just Past! Likewise the rarer Perfect and Pluperfect!

VERBS VERBS VERBS

Moods Tense Aspect Voice

Understand what each of those words mean in relation to Greek Grammar

The SUBJUNCTIVE is your Ally NOT your Enemy!
Yes its a pain learning the differences between Aorist and Present Subjunctive and Imperatives and Exhortations and Secondary clauses etc
but learn remember Grammar and Syntax are Tools!

CASE and Prepositions work together.

Just be happy you don't have to deal with the Ablative as well!

Learn how use of the Genitive or Accusative or Dative changes meaning.

Finally

Learn some Basic Linguistics.

Studying examples of Phonology and Morphology in other languages and historical changes and their laws and patterns will be it easier to get comfortable with IRREGULAR VERBS and other seeming oddities. TRULY !

Greek Verbs The Basics

#greekverbs #classicalgreek #metousia #greekgrammar #legoo #legw

before I afflict  you with the #optative and #subjunctive lets finish reviewing the basics for Classical Greek Verbs

One of the most common Classical Greek Verbs is

λέγω I say tell ask talk

Here is the PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE.

(Present is the Tense Indicative the Mode and Active the Voice)

λέγω λέγεις λέγει λέγομεν λέγετε λέγουσι(ν)

I say You say He or she says We say You plural say They say.

The final n is used if the the next word starts with a or at the end of a sentence.

You will also see a movable n after any third person verb form ending with a ε.

Note the endings or suffixes.

- ω - εις - ει - ομεν - ετε - ουσι(ν)

Let's look at these verbs arranged another way

SINGULAR First Second Third person

I - ω λέγω

You - εις λέγεις

She or he or it - ει λέγει

Plural First Second Third person

We - ομεν λέγομεν

You - ετε λέγετε

They - ουσι(ν) λέγουσι(ν)

If you're a beginning student copy those suffixes and make a note for memorisation

- ω - εις - ει - ομεν - ετε - ουσι(ν)

and compare these endings to the basic key given in the prior post!

The Key to Greek Verbs MST

Before I inflict the optative onto you here is the key to learning Classical Greek Verbs!

#classicalgreek #greekgrammar #verbs

GREEK VERB KEY

μαι σαι ται

Μ Σ Τ

Its No MYSTERY!

For most verbs

Μ becomes ω or plural μεν or μεθα

S becomes ες or Vowel plus ς or ς to τ

so we have ετε or εται in plurals

T becomes ε or ον or plural ονται or ουσι(ν)

Antiphanes on the Muses and Skill

Antiphanes on the Muses and Reason and Criticism

Antiphanes is one of several dramatists we know only by name and quotes in other works.

This quote comes from Athenaeus 1.3.b

ἀεὶ δὲ πρὸς Μουσαισι καὶ λόγοις πάρει,

ὅπου τι σοφίας ἔργον ἐξετάζεται.

Always the Muses and Reason(ings) are together / present

whenever any skilled work is tested

Ephesians Chapter 4 Verse 6

EPHESIANS CHAPTER 4 VERSE 6

εῖς θεὸς καὶ πατηρ πάντων,

ὁ ἐπὶ πάντων καὶ διὰ πάντων καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν.

Use this to explain prepositions 

or (Christian) mysticism

ADDING SIGMA TO VERB STEMS

ADDING SIGMA

a simple and hopefully useful diagram 

on adding sigma to stems

Stems ending in

β π φ πτ plus σ change to ψ

γ κ χ σσ ττ plus σ change to ξ

δ τ ζ θ plus σ change to σ

Future Middle Participles and a Poem

Future Middle Participles

Two Lovely Examples
From the Greek Anthology

Book 10. 26 

Lucian on Thrift and Moderation

Ὡς τεθνηξόμενος τῶν σῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀπόλαυε,

ὡς δὲ βιωσόμενος φείδεο σῶν κτεάνων.

Ἔστι δ̓ ἀνὴρ σοφὸς οὗτος, ὃς ἄμφω ταῦτα νοήσας,

φείδοῖ καὶ δαπάνῃ μέτρον ἐφηρμόσατο.

More about AN

ἄν

ἄν is best described as the Conditional Marker in Greek.

It is usually but not always translated as would or should.

Here are some prose samples

From Plato's Apology the iterative

Διηρώτων ἄν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν I often asked them what they meant.

Ἄν From Demosthenes 3.27

ἄλλα σιωπῶ, πόλλ̕ ἂν ἔχων εἰπεῖν but I am silent though/ I would have / having much to say

ἄν with Subjunctive ὅπου ἂν ὦ Wherever I may be .

Ἄν in a Compounds becomes Whenever ἐάν ἐπειδάν ὅταν

ἐάν κελεύῃ πειθόμεθα when if ever he orders we obey

ἐάν ἔλθη νικήσομεν whenever he comes we (will) win

A set showing εἰ and ἄν in IF A THEN B statements

εἰ ταῦτα ἐγίγνετο ἀπέθνῃσκεν ἄν if this was happening he would be dying

εἰ ταῦτα ἐγένετο ἀπέθανεν ἄν if this had happened he would have died

εἰ ταῦτα ἐγένοιτο ἀποθάνοι ἄν if this should happen he would die

Indirect ἔφη εἰ ταῦτα ἐγένετο ἀποθανεῖν ἄν

An the Condiitonal Marker

ἄν

ἄν is best described as the Conditional Marker in Greek.

It is usually but not always translated as would or should.

in epic poetry instead of Ἄν κε and κεν are sued.

Ἄν is used NOT only with the Subjunctive or Optative but also with the Indicative in statements If A THEN B see the sampler in the next post.

Iterative Ἄν intermittent action From Plato's Apology

Διηρώτων ἄν αὐτοὺς τί λέγοιεν I often asked them what they meant.

Ἄν in Compounds becomes Whenever ἐάν ἐπειδάν ὅταν

ἐάν κελεύῃ πειθόμεθα whenever he gives an order we obey

More on The Subjunctive

The Function and use of the Subjunctive.

Look for an η or ω where there would normally be a ο or ου or ε or ει

ὦ ᾖς ᾖ ὦμεν ᾖτε ὦσι

ONE Exhortations requests appeals with First Person Present Aorist.

Μηδ̓ ἀποκρίνωμαι οὖν Xenophon and am I not therefore to respond

TWO Negative Commands or Prohibitions

Second or Third person Aorist Only Use negative μή μὴ ἐκδῶτέ με

THREE In a final clause after ὅπως ὡς ἵνα that in order that so that

FOUR Conditional Whenever statements with ἐάν or ἐπειδαν

ἐπειδαν διαπράξωμαι ἃ δέομαι ἥξω When(ever) I (shall) have accomplished what I needed to I will come (back).

SIX After Verbs expressing fear with μή Δεδιὼς μή λαβών με δίκην ἐπιθᾖ

Or this rare example of a Perfect subjunctive from Demosthenes 19.3

Δέδοικα μή τινα λήθην ὑμῖν πεποιήκῃ I fear that some forgetfulness by you may have caused …

I probably left out a couple

Go to Goodwin's Greek Grammar which has about 30 plus pages but I suggest you do this after finiding and reading more prose samples so you will not overwhelmed by that amount of detail?

Introducing the Subjunctive.

This the Subjunctive of the Verb εἰμί and applies to most verbs except Contracts

Look for an η or ω where there would normally be a ο or ου or ε or ει

ὦ ᾖς ᾖ ὦμεν ᾖτε ὦσι

ei + e becomes eei o + o becomes oomen

The subjunctive is used to express an unfixed probable indefinite action but alsot to express encourage what some books call hortatory ad requests and proposals.

Imperfect Tense 6

Imperfect Six

3 prose examples

Plato Phaedo 58a καὶ ἐθαυμάζομεν γε

Thucydides uses Imperfect where others might use Aorist

οἱ Κερκυραῖοι ἔπεμπον τὴν ὠφελίαν ἄσμενοι

 The Corcyreans sent the assistance gladly.

Xenophon Anabasis 1.3.2.

καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἐδάκρυε πολὺν χρόνον ἑστώς.

 Οἱ δὲ ὁρῶντες ἐθάυμαζον καὶ ἐσιώπων.

And at first he wept for a long time while standing and the others watching were amazed and silent.

Welcome to the third declension

Welcome to the Third Declension!

There are many nouns of masculine feminine and neuter gender that have this pattern.

Nominative a contracted form in the singular

A Plural – as ending

Accusative stem + α Plural – ας

Genitive + ος Plural ων

Dative + ι Plural σι(ν)

Nouns that end in – μα like Charisma Drama Dogma and Gramma are declined as

γραμμα γραμματα γραμματος γραμματων γραμματι γραμμασι

More Third Declension Examples soon.

Greek Prepositions One

Here's a simple list of Greek prepositions you can save and edit and then add your own notes.

ἀμφί

ἀνά

ἀντί

ἀπό

διά

εἰς ἐς

ἐκ ἐξ

ἐν

ἐπί

κατά

μετά

παρά

περί

πρό

πρός

σύν

ὑπέρ

ὑπό

I will be discussing these prepositions individually in later posts.

Fabulous First Feminines

First Declension A Stem Feminine Nouns

A list for your use of fabulous Greek that are feminine in more than one way!

ἀγκῡρα anchor for a ship

ἀγλαΐα beauty splendour glory pomp also used in a negative sense in the plural of worldly vanities like the English phrase “pomp and glories”

ἀγορά Agora the central space used for markets and meetings the town “square” the plaza also the Assembly since the Agora was used for public meetings like a Roman forum.

ἀγυία way road street in plural can mean town or city the “streets”

αἰτία cause origin occasion by extension blame crime negative action

ἀκτέα the elder tree

ἄνασσα Queen Lady Mistress

ἀνία grief sorrow distress

ἄρουρα tillage acreage plowed or cultivated land used for grain crops

ἀσία Asia Minor and Major

There are also First Declension Feminine Nouns that end in η

In Attic and Ionic long final a sounds in many words but not all changed to η a change of a long a sound to a long ee.

ἀγάπη love charity compassion

ἀγκάλη arm bent or curved arm

ἀδελφή sister

ἀδελφιδῆ niece

ἀλόη The ALOE plant

ἀμυγδάλη the Almond tree and fruit also admired for its white flowers

ἀνθρήνη the wild bee

Ἀρετή Virtue excellence goodness manliness

ἀρχή beginning source origin

αὐγή bright light ray or beam of usually the sun

ALERT Nouns ending in – μα(τα) are THIRD DECLENSION

Here's the Declension pattern

Nominative Singular α η Plural αι

Accusative Singular αν ην Plural ας

Genitive Singular ας ης Plural ῶν

Dative Singular ᾳ ῃ Plural αις

There are more First Declension Nouns mostly Feminine and some masculine.

Watch for future posts!