Metousia Patreon rewards for December

Don't forget to visit my #metousia #patreon to pick up #christmas rewards including ecards

Please visit twice cos I'll be posting some more stuff late next week!

https://www.patreon.com/metousia

Greek Christmas Card

the best things to make for Christ's birth are peace and joy 

yes I know i have mixed classical and koine  greek

More Poseidon Images

Next week is Haloea so our theme is Poseidon on Ceramics

 vessels in contrasting styles also showing what the painters did with a limited palette of slips

Is this Poseidon?

IS THIS POSEIDON OR ... ?

It is generally presumed this ancient Greek Bronze is a statue of Poseidon

WHY ?

We have no idea if he was holding a thunderbolt or trident spear.

He could just as easily be a javelin throwing athlete?

One of the reasons this is thought to Poseidon is that similar images exist but in different media.

This is a coin Note the VERY similar pose.

metousia,

And again here. Given the custom of "dressing" some statues it's possible the bronze is missing a separate piece of bronze detachable drapery or was given a metal cloak of gold once installed in a temple or shrine?

Notes on Luke 12 : 16 - 21

#newtestamentgreek #biblestudy #gospelofluke #metousia

LUKE 12 Verses 16 - 21 

So whats interesting and good teaching examples in the Greek text
thats not obvious in the translation?

Verse 16

Note how the adjectives follow AFTER the noun
of/ for genitive a man certain rich bore the land
Harvest is euphoreesen  a positive burden - eu + phoros

Verse 17

dialegomai Imperfect and 2 lovely examples of FUTURE poieesoo and sunaksoo
from poieoo and sunagoo

Verse 18

katheloo is FUTURE from kathairew ? Why ?
The stem is haireoo. R changes to L. kata plus "H" to kath

apotheekee a storehouse barn or granary as a place you put things away in apo+theke from titheemi

Verse 19

EROO another Future  Note syntax of eis etee polla
anapauou is a Present Imperative but Phage is Aorist then with euphrainoo an Present Imperative
Phage is one of those verbs that use a different Verb for the Present - esthioo

Verse 20

aphroon a foolish person is mindless

apaitousin from apaaiteoo God wants people to be prepared to give back

heetoimasas Aorist of hetoimazoo prepare get ready

he who stores up treasures is 2 words in ho theesaurizoon

Next week back to the Pagans and we look at Poseidon since Haloea was in December

Coming soon A greek Christmas card to share !

Poseidon and Bad and Good Art

Classical Greek Art didn't emerge like Athena from the head of a god. It evolved and some of the archaic artists really couldn't draw! 

This is a ceramic plaque from a Corinthinian workshop.

Yes it is Poseidon. See the badly rendered trident and then there's the misuse of sgraffito.

This seems to have been a rush job? Especially compared to this!

Note the much more careful elegant linework in this closeup of Poseidon Enthroned.

Most of the finest classical pieces came from Attic workshops.

I'm wondering if the many metics encouraged to migrate to Athens included Ceramic painters ?

I'm wondering how the ceramics painters practised their drawing skills with no supply of cheap paper. Did they practise on broken pots? Did they use wax or clay tablets?

Judgement of Hermes

JUDGEMENT OF PARIS CERAMIC PAINTING
Some Observations

#Hermes #Paris #Greekceramics

Hermes is a bearded adult not the beardless youth of many Hellenistic and Roman works. The painter has used the white slip to emphasize small details that might not stand out on the traditional older black background and has used some kind of yellow ochre as well as a red ochre and black giving him or her a 4 color 5 if you count white palette?

There's a hint of beads or embroidery on Hera's robes and the yellow ochre is used to outline the wings on Hermes' boots and on Hera's crown. Black seems to have been mixed with red to create a dark brown for the edges of robes unless thats fading?

The overall effect is simple elegance with restraint and balance. Some of the rendering seems almost "sketchy" to a modern eye especially if you expect a wider tonal range so bear in mind these images were painted on small objects not massive urns and the Greek painters and potters did not have modern glazes to use.  No ceramics supplies stores or factories !

Female Harper

#whiteground #greekceramics #harper

Female Harper

There's a lot of fading but fortunately a lot of useful remaining detail.

It's possible the girl or young woman shown may be a hetairia a "Companion" given her transparent dress however she also has her middle covered so maybe its simply a summer dress of extremely translucent linen with a outer robe lowered to cushion her harp.

You can clearly see the girl has reddish brown hair and I say girl because she has her hair down.

Musicians will find the details of the fingering on the strings of interest.

A quietly beautiful and very classical work showing a mastery of line and color.

It is generally presumed painters were male including the painters who worked on ceramics but given the Athenians had small family workshops I wonder if the painter could have been a woman as if this is a portrait a woman painter might have been allowed inside the women's rooms of a house to sketch a beloved daughter or young wife playing her harp?

LYSIAS on Patreon

There will be more #Lysias educational excerpts in PDF format available from the #metousia #patreon this week !

Here's what one sculptor thought he looked like.

I will be posting the Amazons passage from Lysias's Funeral Oration on the Patreon that runs parallel to this blog. Watch twitter for updates.

THETIS

#thetis #greekart #nereid #seagoddess #greekceramics

Greek artists often depicted Thetis as accompanied by dolphins, sea horses or Tritones.

So the female figure riding a sea horse in these two mosaics may very well be Thetis however another popular theme was her Wedding to Peleus.

As Thetis like other sea gods had shapeshifting powers the lion on her shoulder would tell a Greek viewer this is Peleus the mortal father of Achilles wrestling with the goddess.

One aspect of the story rarely pointed out that would explain her resistance  is that Peleus killed her nephew and she seems to have had mixed feelings about her marriage to a mere mortal though given the other choices were being ravished by Zeus or Poseidon ... 

Passive secrets

#greeknewtestament #biblestudy #futurepassive #classicalgreek #luke #gospel

LUKE 12:2

A lot of people are fascinated by this verse because they think it hints at Gnostic mysteries or encourages mysticism or is about prophecies and various other explanations.

Another aspect of interest are the verb forms

ouden de sugkekalmmenon estin ho ouk apokaluphtheesetai kai krupton ho ou gnoostheesetai

nothing (there) is and which has been hidden perfect passive participle of sugkaluptoo

note the the removal of too and the change and doubling of the p to m
note that pi + mu becomes double mu

then ho with an accent so who or which not FUTURE PASSIVE will be revealed
teh pi changes again to a phi befor ethe theta that marks passive
and  secret which will be known ginooskoo has a sigma before the passive marker as the actual stem is gnoo

Note which in Greek not that

Note the future passive

Lets reverse that without changing the meaning more than slightly

If Jesus had spoken modern English he might have said everything that is hidden or covered up or secret will become revealed or known.

I think Luke was not just bilingual or multilingual and not only retains the parallelism we see in Hebrew texts but enhances this with prose rhythm being a speaker of Koine Greek who probably also read some classical Greek literature.

So this verse tells us something about secrets and about posibly about Luke as a person and writer.

Consider next what verse 3 says that things said in the dark will be heard in the light and private whisperings proclaimed in public.

No more secrets.

and 3 very good examples of the passive and sound changes caused by adding theta to a stem

Tritones 3 - a medley and mix

#tritons #hippocampoi #seahorses #ichthyocentaurs

I've shown you in prior posts the oldest #GREEK depictions of #Tritons show an eel like body with fins but no forelegs

#hippocampi or #seahorses were depicted with similar eel like finned bodies.

The Romans evolved this further probably from lost hellenistic works

This work has tritones has with snaky eeel like tails and small forelegs 

however in this work the Triton has forefins !

though the Romans don't seemed to have been able to decide on a definite form 

Horses' forelegs and fins !

Why the wavering between forms ?

Note the sea horse above 

I think someone decided to combine seahorses with tritons leading to ichthyocentaurs !

Triton,Hippocampi, and other Marine Chimera - Two

#Triton #Hippocampus #hippocampi

These are some of  the earliest renderings of Triton I could find.

Heracles wrestling Triton whose body is a blend of eel and fish.

Triton carrying a boy accompanied by a dolphin

Note again the almost snake like lower body

note again the long body 

now look at this image of Poseidon with a  seahorse

a tritons body with a horse'd forelegs and head 

and this Roman Mosaic of a Sea Horse / Hippocampus 

Next time Tritons become Ichthyocentaurs

Triton, Hippocampoi, and other Marine Chimeras - One

Someone on #Classicstwitter was asking about #Ichthyocentaurs. This Roman example while labelled a Triton is very similar to an Ichthyocentaur 

Here's another example !

So how as a visual art theme did the snake or eel bodied Tritons we see on Greek ceramics become these chimeras of three creatures?

Starting with Early depictions I will show over the next couple of posts how I think it happened.

Note this image features tritons and hippocampoi - merhorses! 

I think someone decided to fuse both which I'll discuss in greater detail next time ! 

LEFT IS BEST AND BETTER

#classicalgreek #left #aristeros

LEFT IS BEST AND BETTER

There are 2 words that I know of that are translated as LEFT into ENGLISH

One is Laios cognate to Latin laevus and the other is ARISTEROS

I've given it the feminine form here but more importantly look at the structure and see how odd it is?

ARISTOS acts as the superlative to AGATHOS but here we have a suffix used to mark comparative forms - teros attached to  ...its like who coined this was trying to say lefthanded was NOT unlucky or a kind of weakness but BETTER THAN THE BEST !

Troll Hunting

#trolls #internet #socialmedia #trollhunting

Working my way through the #gospel of #luke I found 2 verse that made me think about certain kinds of social media behaviour. They are at the end of Chapter 11.

53 and from there as (Jesus was) going out of him they begun the scribes and and Pharisees terribly to harass ( there are several ways one could translate enekhein but I think harass best captures the idea they are holding and focusing their anger on him) and to question (by citing OT verses? apostomatizein is also used to mean recite verses) him about many more things

54 ambushing him hunting what out of his mouth

They begun actively stalking Jesus waiting for him to say something they could question!

I found myself thinking of twitter mobs people who jump in as soon as they see an enemy say something they can misquote or be quarrelsome about.

Yes some people are "self propelled targets" but social media brings out the worst in people, a mob mentality.

We think of this of an example of authority being evil but remember the Pharisees and Scribes saw Jesus as the Wicked One

Question yes but don't hunt or harass or cyberstalk?

Can we behave better than the Pharisees? 

Bilingual Augustan Inscription

Here's an example of a Bilingual #inscription in #Latin and #Greek from the #augustan era.

Note the use of V for U and V
The Latin uses abbreviations that the Greek does not such as  IMP where Greek has autokrator and Sextus Lartidius name being fully spelt out and using dots.

Limping along

Im back in bed with a combo of a right distal fibula fracture and a flareup of my chronic bronchitis ...well Im on the bed leg in an aircast boot trying not cough
So posts to this blog n patreon will be erratic

CLASSICAL AND BIBLICAL GREEK

Some thoughts on the connections between Classical and Biblical Greek

I am even more  firmly of the belief especially after a recent twitter discussion with a "biblical scholar" who thought my "opinions" on the possible historicity of Matthew were invalid that even if you only want to read the New Testament you should start about learning basic Classical Greek grammar

WHY ? 

ONE

The most common forms of Koine Greek used by NT writers were based on Attic and Ionic forms

TWO

Learning Classical forms first will make it easier to identify and understand Imperatives and Aorist Subjunctives and so called Irregular Verbs 

THREE

At some stage if you are doing biblical studies for whatever reason becoming a pastor or academic you're going to have to consult commentaries that discuss the difference between English and Greek
Even one semester of Greek will help with that

 
FOUR

Cultural and Historical Context
Yes there are many books that translate Greek resources including early Church Fathers into English but they may only be available in a university library or as a digitized copy of the original. Also there are certain terms that just don't translate exactly and seeing them in the original context will add your understanding.

FIVE 

Koine Greek is Classical Greek
Okay After 400 years of changes
Yes it has loan words from other languages and simpler verb forms reflecting popular speech but it was a living language when the Gospels and Epistles were written down

Reading English translations only is rather like looking at a tree and only looking up at the leaves.

  

SIX 

Duh miss out on Aristotle Plutarch Plato Greek Poetry Philosophy etc ?
You don't have to learn to read Homeric Greek or the ancient orators as ST Basil and others recommended but even a little Greek happens and context context context 

SEVEN 

Greek conditional verb forms ie Subjunctives work differently from English and don't always translate with the full impact of the original

Finally for the last 2 weeks and next month I have had and will continue to have my broken right ankle encased in a variety of straps supports aircast boot bandages thick socks etc etc but Im hobbling to work and do have a few ideas for posts

Let me know what you think about this issue !

Should learning Classical Greek come before specializing in Koine or Biblical Greek ? 

Ideally the best biblical scholars should be fluent in Latin Greek Hebrew and Aramaic but defintely Greek if you want to understand the New Testament. Yes some of the Gospels may or may not have been written in Aramaic first and then translated into Greek but a strong case can be made that most if not all of the Apostles were bilingual to varying degrees in Greek.

So Greek is important? 

Comment ?! 

Taxation AND JUSTICE

#tax #tithing #justice

TAX TITHES AND JUSTICE

LUKE 11:42

You may have read of or encountered people who claim they can ignore Render to Caesars what is ... or who have a church doctrine of compulsory tithing or who ignore against tithing

So apart from the Render to Caesar verse what else has Jesus to say.

Bear in mind its thought he was commenting on Lev. 27:30 about tithing harvests.

" and woe to you the Pharisees that tithe the sweet odour (mint) and the rue and all edible greens (lakhanon is not just herbs) and neglect the justice and the love of god.

these things and you should have to do and these (other) ( love justice) not neglect !

What use is a tithe if you do not also have justice and love.

The Levites and other religious were suppose to receive a tithe to support themselves as they could focus on supporting and helping others not spend their time inviting even more taxes and saying more things should be taxed.

Note the verb used edei you ought to you should have not must have and the contrast more obvious in Greek between these things tauta and then these other things ekeina.

Whether its a tax or tithe secular or religious it should be spent wisely and those who condemn SJW warriors should perhaps consider Jesus telling us not to neglect love and justice and remember he said love was best expressed as doing things ofr others that help?



On another topic

If you know anyone learning Greek I have FREE and a few $1 pdfs on the Greek numbers on my

 Metousia Patreon

  https://www.patreon.com/metousia

Writing Tablets

So just what did writing tablets look like?

Fortunatel the Romans and Greeks used the same kinds of writing materials and tools and Rome Frescos included a wide variety of themes.

In these two images one can see papyrus, parchment, tablets, something thats either a codice or a bound tablet with extra thin pages, stylus, an ink pot and pen.

GREEK ABC NONSENSE

#greek #nonsense #verse #greekabc
I have a "COLD" well probably not a virus but definitely some kind of sinusitis so this time something light and simple

This is from the #GreekAnthology

This png will also be posted as a freebie to my #metousia patreon

https://www.patreon.com/metousia

Do visit !

The Lord's Prayer in Luke - some notes

#lord'sprayer #gospelofluke #Luke #prayer #greeknewtestament #biblestudy

LUKE 11 1 - 4

A few posts back I shared a comparison of the Lord's Prayer in Matthew with the shorter version in Luke's Gospel.

Here are some further study notes on Luke's version.

and he said to them

Hotan proseukheesthe legete  When(ever) you pray say  Verb is Sunjunctive

Pater hagiastheetoo to onoma sou Father let be made holy the name of you

elthetoo hee basileia sou let come the realm of you

Note the 2 Aorist Imperatives

ton arton heemoon ton epiousion didou heemin to kath heemeran

the bread for us the for tomorrow give to/ for  us kata heemeran day by day daily

Do not fret about epiousion being a rare word just break it up into parts look up the parts in a lexicon and look at how they work in the rest of the sentence

let us have a constant supply of essential basic needs does sound better in greek !

kai aphes heemin tas hamartias heemoon  and release us the errors of us

another Aorist Imperative Aphes

kai gar autoi aphiomen panti opheilonti heemin

and for ourselves in regard to selves we release for all debts obligations owed to us

kai mee eisenegkees heema eis peirasmon

and not in carry / lead us into testing / negative experiences

So once again do not worry about minor variations or differences between the passages.

The essential message of both is so similar that the differences do not change the meaning.

Antipaters Muses

#greekpoetry #greekanthology #womenpoets #muses
#Antipater of #Thessalonica wrote a poem that listed the nine women poets he considered to be inspired by the Muses

These are the Nine

and here is the text of Antipater's poem from the Greek Anthology

Antipater of Thessalonika

Greek Anthology 9:26

Τάσδε θεογλώσσους Ἑλικὼν ἔθρεψε γυναῖκας

ὕμνοις, καὶ Μακεδὼν Πιερίας σκόπελος,

Πρήξιλλαν, Μοιρώ, Ἀνύτης, στόμα θῆλυν Ὅμηρον,

Λεσβιάδων Σαπφὼ κόσμον εϋπλοκάμων,

Ἤριννα, Τελέσιλλαν, ἀγακλέα, καὶ σέ, Κόριννα,

θοῦριν Ἀθηναίης ἀσπίδα μελψαμέναν,

Νοσσίδα θηλύγλωσσον, ἰδὲ γλυκυαχέα Μύρτιν,

πάσας ἀενάων ἐργάτιδας σελίδων,

ἐννέα μὲν Μούσας μέγας Οὐρανός, ἐννέα δ᾿αὐτὰς

Γαῖα τέκεν, θνατοῖς ἄφθιτον εὐφροσύναν.

If you would like to see a study sheet with a rough translation and notes in pdf format please go to 

MY METOUSIA PATREON

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The TWO Lords Prayers

#greeknewtestament #lordsprayer

Luke has a shorter version of the Lord's prayer from Matthew

Here's a chart which will hopefully make comparing the two versions easier ?

The Lord's Prayer in Koine Greek

Matthew 6 9-13 compared to Luke 11 2 – 4

Matthew 6 part of the Beatitudes	Luke 11
9 Οὕτως οὖν προσεύχεσθε ὑμεῖς	2 ὅταν προσεύχεσθε λέγετε
Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς Ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου	Πάτερ Ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου
10 ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου γενηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς	ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου
11 τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον	3 τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δίδου ἡμῖν τὸ καθ̓ ἡμέραν
12 καὶ ἄφες καὶ ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφήκαμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν	4 καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰς ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν καὶ γὰρ αὐτοὶ ἀφίομεν παντὶ ὀφειλοντι ἡμῖν
13 καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῂς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ	καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῂς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν

Questions

Which verb forms are Imperatives?

Note the several forms of ἀφίμι

Consider why this is translated forgive but also means release or let go

Why do you think Luke's version is shorter and uses different or less words?

Why are there both dative and genitive forms?

Think about how the Greek differs from the Latin or KJV or RSV or whatever translation you know?

I will try to convert this post into a pdf and place it on my metousia patreon soon.

Check out what I have already posted to the #patreon 

https://www.patreon.com/metousia

Older material that has previously be posted here will also appear on the patreon but edited and improved and as pdfs that would be easier to share and store for your personal use? 

GODZILLA and the Divine

#Godzilla and the Divine.

#titans #greekmythology #arkhai #romans838

I had one of those stream of consciousness moments and want to share my chain of thoughts.

The latest Godzilla monster has several concepts drawn from mythology, both Asian and European, as well as from the mythos of previous #Monsterverse movies.

One of these is describing the Monsters as #Titans and ancient gods and depicting them as if they were as much primal forces as biological entities.

The least said about the violations of inverse square laws in relation to mass the better.

I'm looking at the concepts!

Like the Titans and Giants of Hesiod's Theogony they are both forces and beings, ideas of forces in conflict that predate and are more powerful than mere humans.

However like the Titans and Gods they can be both dangerous yet benevolent, worshipped and feared.

Like those Elder Gods they fight younger gods.

Some humans serve them Others guard them Some exploit their powers

We also have giants sleeping below mountains a theme found in several mythologies and the Hollow Earth of connected chambers is also an ancient myth that has spread across Eurasia.

So if you're a #mythology fan there's yet another reason to enjoy the movie.

Titans in action ! Myths embodied !

Maybe Rodan once slept under Krakatoa or Thera or Toba ?

Godzilla and Ghidorah are fortunately fiction though their message of respecting Nature's power is important.

Thinking about primal forces and powers in one of those odd leaps of connection lead me to contemplate another Greek word that might well describe these monsters: ARKHAI

ARKHAI is a odd word found in Romans 8:38 but also secular literature to describe rulers.

I've seen it translated as powers, rulers, demons, authorities, and principalities.

While it can be used to describe human rulers it seems to indicates beings human or not who are both sources and wielders of power. Powers begins and moves from them over lesser beings.
In the verse in Romans it follows the angels suggesting supernatural beings are being referred to, perhaps a reference to the Gnostic belief in evil spirits ruling the mortal world?

Whether Paul was referring to spiritual or human powers over others he ends by stating that nothing in this world can separate us from the love of God.

It could also be argued that Godzilla is an agent of the Divine, a guardian defending humans from Ghidorah, revived from (near) death by the angelic Mothra.

So what can we learn? Not to fear primal forces ?

As Paul puts it not life or death or anything in Creation can stop Love except maybe human lack of faith?

Enjoy Godzilla but read Romans 8:38 too !

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Tritons One

Since its #mermay I'm going to alternate #Tritons with #Greekverblists

This is #Heracles fighting the sea god #Triton. There is no recorded story in surviving written literature but the depiction matches written descriptions of Triton, human like from the belly upwards but like a fish or dolphin below.

Triton is also depicted with a lower body more like an eel. Here he is either kidnapping or rescuing a youth. Notice the dolphin swimming besides them.

Again dolphins swim alongside the sea god in this piece.

Next time back to Greek Verbs.

The Greek Verb Project continues CLASS 2 - aoo verbs

#greekverbs #classicalgreek

My long term plans for this project since there are both websites and print books available focusing on Greek Verbs  is to create editable PDFS so you can both add to and print parts of the list for student usage offline.

I am classifying Contract / Vowel stem Verbs with a e and o final stems as Class Two of the SIGMA GROUP

SIGMA PLUS CLASS TWO VERBS – άω

ἀγαπάω ἀκονάω αὐδάω 

γεάω γοάω

δαμνάω δαπανάω δάω

ἐράω ἐρωτάω ἐστιάω ἐάω ζάω

κνάω λικμάω μοίραω μορφάω νικάω 

πλανάω πεδάω ποίναω

σιγάω τολμάω φοιτάω ψάω 

Please suggest verbs you would like to use added to the list! 

I have more to add but would like to cross check my lists with others.

Later this year the pdfs combined into a book will be made available via a platform that allows PDFs with Greek fonts imbedded so NOT AMAZON or KINDLE.

Go and do likewise

Many of us are familar with the Good Samaritan story but have you ever read the ending in Greek?

Jesus ends his story by asking the lawyer which of the three men the Samaritan the Priest or the Levite proved themself to be a neighbour to the victim of a robbery

After the lawyer answers HE who acted with mercy or literally he who did mercy Jesus final words and command to him is to do likewise poreuou and poiei are both Imperatives and the final word is an adverb homoioos - note its homoi - do the same do something similar .

     Luke 10:37

Which is the neighbour ?

He who acted with mercy

ὁ ποιήσας τὸ ἔλεος

You go and do likewise

πορεύου καὶ σὺ

ποίει ὁμοίως

Being a good neighbour includes doing the right thing for strangers too.

For example not be rude to people on Twitter ...if you're in the same thread you're neighbours

Not turning over the bulk waste piles on collection day and making a huge mess

... sometimes its stopping your neighbour from being a bully ... yes you you big fat cockatoo (local wild parrot relative) leave that rainbow lorikeet alone and stop bullying it !

Be neighbourly ! and if you don't have one of those bibles that suggests parallel or similar texts or show when the OT is being quoted

 Deut 6.5 Lev 19.18 Romans 13.9 Gal 5.14 James 2.8


Next time probably back to those Greek Verb lists or a special announcement!

An Late Roman Yet Oddly Greek Cross

For #Easter. A Late #roman yet oddly #greek #cross.

This was found in a roman cemetery and has been dated to approximately 350 AD

While the soldiers are Roman the cross is surmounted by a CHI - RHO symbol showing how strong Hellenic influences still were even in Late Antiquity. And look at the very classical columns on either side! Some scholars think this is a reference to Constantine's vision of a cross. 

Its not one of the great Renaissance masterpieces but has simplicity strength and sincerity.

If you are not celebrating Easter or Passover as a spiritual event don't forget to be charitable and share your chocolates or other Easter foods with others. 

Muses and Musos

A break from verbs ! Some Images of Women playing using ancient Musician Instruments

#musicians #femalemusicans #ancientmusic

First a flute player 

Now a kithara player 

The Kithara was not the only stringed instrument

This one is generally known as Women or Muse Reading but remember a lot of poetry was meant to be sung so she may well be learning or practising a song that's been written down !

ioo greek verbs

#classicalgreek #verbs  #verblist #verbclasses #ancientgreek

After this post I'll switch back to art for a few posts before more verbs

Class 1 C – ίω

These verbs follow the same pattern as υω with future and aorist adding sigma.

ἰδίω whose prose equivalent is ἱδρόω has Future ἰσω Aorist ἴδῑσα

κίω *κυλίω (root of κυλίνδω) μαλκίω μηνίω πρῑω χρίω

Epic δίω κηκίω

αίω 

Mixed 

καίω καυσω ἔκαυσα, likewise κλαίω and δαίω or ίσω ίσα

ναίω παίω πταίω, but κναίω changes αι to η and ῥαίω changes to ῥαίσω and ἔῥραίσα

είω

κλείω σείω and Epic κείω τελείω follow the αίω pattern

D – 6 verbs ending in εω whose forms show that they were originally - υω final verbs ?

θέω νέω πλέω πνέω ῥέω χέω

All except χέω have future middles – ευσομαι and ἔCευσα Aorist.

C = Consonant 

Some - euw verbs

Here is a list of #ClassicalGreek #verbs ending in - euw

Suggested usages

download and edit adding more or adding meanings or questions

use them to teach students how to spot stems

test them on how many they can work out from the stems

give students an alternative to certain verbs that tend to be used over and over again in text books

I classify -euw verbs as SIGMA PLUS Class One - B 

Please send feedback as I hope to share a finished improved version as an editable pdf later in the year.

Class ONE

B – εύω verbs

I've found 29 so far and will add to this list as I find more!

ἀγνεύω ἀγορεύω ἀληθεύω βασιλεύω βουλεύω

γυρεύω δουλεύω δημεύω εἰρηνεύω ἱππεύω

κελεύω κεραμεύω λατρεύω λιτανεύω

μαγεύω ματεύω μεσεύω μεταλλεύω μνημονεύω

παιδεύω πιστεύω πολιτεύω πρωτεύω πρυτανεύω

ῥητορεύω σεύω σαλεύω σιτεύω

τυραννεύω ταμιεύω χορεύω ὠρεύω

Greek Verbs Class ONE A - uw

#Greek #Verbs  #classicalgreek #verbs

Class 1 A - ύω Verbs

These verbs take sigma in the Future and Aorist.

Note that this is not a full list of every – ύω verb

I keep adding to it however I think I have many if not most of them and you now have alternatives to λύω to use!

Additions are invited! I hope to do another version later this year !

Yes I have heard of that Italian book but I hope this list will be useful for students teachers and scholars who do not have a copy.

ἀκούω ἀλύω βύω δακρύω δεύω ἐρύω θύω

ἰθύω ἰσχύω κλύω κρούω κύω λούω λύω

μηνύω μύω ξύω παύω τανύω τιτύω φύω ψαύω ὕω 

Next list is -  εύω verbs 

GREEK IRREGULAR VERBS

#GREEKIRREGULARVERBS

Some Thoughts

Is working out and remembering all the various forms of Classical Greek Verbs a major hassle for you? Some thoughts and advice apart from getting a good dictionary or bookmarking lexicon sites

(Eternal blessings to the person who give me their LSJ)

Depending on how you classify the classes or categories or types  there are 8 - 12 main types plus subcategories however basically for most its a case of the ongoing battle of Sigma versus NU !

They either add Sigma for Future and Aorist or change a consonant to C + Sigma

If you're trying to find the stem the pattern works in reverse

This covers - uw -iw aw - ew -ow and various consonant stems BUT

Mi verbs are getting a separate study

Verbs that have retain or drop a final stem n are actually 4 - 5  types

Stems that add nw long vowels plus vw stems that add - anw and sometimes insert an extra nasal m or n like lambano or manthanw

a(i)vw e(i)nw verbs in which the i drops out before the n

unw verbs

I will be posting vocabulary lists and more detail soon starting with the -ue -iw forms

but you say what about final ls and rs ...yes I will discuss them too!

he who is lesser

#biblestudy #greeknewtestament #luke

LUKE 9:48

ὁ γὰρ μικρότερος

ἐν πᾶσιν ὑμῖν ὑπάρχων

οὖτός ἐστιν μέγας

For he who lesser amongst all you being this one is great 

Note Greek uses comparative - teros where English uses superlative 

for he the (is) the lesser 

en is in the group of you the disciples he is addressing 

hyparkhoon is translated being but has multiple means inlcuding beginning doing kindness taken for granted ... the lesser or least among you are great - megas !

# Ecards for Greek Verbs

#classicalgreekgrammar #classicalgreekverb

This is the start of a series of files on Greek Verbs

These 3 files can be downloaded from the Greek Typography folder on my JVartndesign #DeviantArt page. Use them to teach yourself or distribute in print or as a file to beginning students .